Friday, 1 April 2022

Lines as symbols of invisible forces

A practitioner of Mesmerism using Animal Magnetism

Annunciation: Fra Angelico

In Renaissance times lines emanating from a radiating point were sometimes used as a symbol of invisible religious or occult forces and more recently fanned out, broken or dashed lines have been used as symbols of invisible rays or unseen effects such as magnetism, electricity, x-rays, mesmerism and nuclear radiation. These lines can carry all sorts of ideas, some of which haven't been accepted as scientific concepts but which non-the-less impinge upon our collective imaginations as being necessary to a more esoteric understanding of the world, and the invisible emanations that effect it.  For instance the concept of the 'aura'; a luminous radiation surrounding a living creature or object.

A representation of a body aura

Contemporary 'aura' photographs

In the comic book world superheroes are often depicted as emitting rays of energy, the DC character Captain Atom being typical of an anthropomorphisation of an invisible energy. 

Captain Atom

Grant Morrison in his book 'Supergods' sets out to explain that these comic-book heroes are not simply characters but powerful archetypes that can be traced back into history, art, and various world mythologies. In this case I'm simply pointing out how visual languages are shared across cultures and times, especially when there is a common issue to communicate. 

Many of us have had that feeling that someone is looking at us. As if vision involved an outward-moving influence from the eyes, this is technically called emission or extramission theory and has historically been associated with the evil eye. 

Rays emerge from the eyes in emission theory

Although auras and emission theory have been debunked several times by modern science, ideas of this sort still seem to have a hold on our collective imaginations. For instance the theorist Rupert Sheldrake has argued that the external projection of images or force of seeing is a reality, he imagines perceptual fields that extend out beyond our body receptors, these fields connecting the seeing individual with what is seen. (Sheldrake, 2004) Sheldrake argues that the formation of these fields depends on changes occurring in various regions of the brain as vision takes place. These fluctuations are influenced by inbuilt responses to expectations, intentions and memories. Sheldrake's theories are related to the work of Velmans, (Velmans, 2000) who suggests that image projections take place in a way that is analogous to a field phenomenon, as in a hologram; however Sheldrake takes the idea further, suggesting that the perceptual projection is not just analogous to but actually is a field phenomenon.

Sheldrake is influenced by an awareness of fields in other areas of scientific thinking, magnetic fields in particular have influenced his ideas, and field theory is central to many of the ideas that underlie quantum mechanics. Sheldrake suggests that minds extend beyond brains through fields, negating the idea that our conscious experiences are totally passive. Quantum mechanics suggests that our conscious experiences enter into the dynamics of real world situations in ways not fixed by physically described aspects alone. (Stapp, 2011) Even though Sheldrake's ideas are still regarded as very speculative, what he describes does have a certain intuitive rightness about it. 

Sheldrake states; 'When someone stares at another person from behind, the projection of the starer’s attention means that his field of vision extends out to touch the person he is staring at. His image of that person is projected onto that person through his perceptual field. Meanwhile, the person stared at also has a field all around herself. I suggest that the starer’s field of vision interacts with the field surrounding the person stared at. One field is influenced by another. This field interaction is detected through a change or difference in the field around the body. Just as the field around a magnet is changed when another magnet is placed nearby, this field interaction is directional. The interaction may be weak, and need not be experienced consciously by the person stared at. But, if the interaction is strong enough, the person stared at may respond by turning around, without thinking and without knowing why.'
From: https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk/articles/sense-being-stared-theories-vision

Sheldrake goes on to explain how perceptual fields are related to biological fields embedded within the organisation of developing biological organisms and their nervous systems, and that these fields underlie processes of biological morphogenesis. As an artist my attention was immediately raised, as morphogenesis is the coming-into-being of form, and therefore it is a process that lies at the heart of the all creation. These invisible forces seeming to extend out into everything. In my imagination, the lines drawn to illustrate the invisible powers of mesmerism, beginning to intersect with those of the eyes' emissions and other visions of invisible forces. 

Descartes: Vortices

Descartes' idea of materialistic spirits that move through the body and through vision was related to the theories as laid out in his "Cosmogony", in particular, that the entire universe was filled with elements of different sizes which shifted around each other. At the centre was the sun, which was made up of the smallest kind of element and the bigger ones circled around it. This notion of vortices was also used by Descartes to explain forces like magnetism. The idea of the vortices suggested that the fixed stars were actually part of a contigious universe of systems like our own rubbing against each other, in many ways the idea of gravity, as introduced by Newton, replaced Descartes' ideas but once again we have a vision of invisible fields influencing each other and this time tightly curved dashed lines are used to visualise the idea. 

Magnetism

When you place a bar magnet on a smooth surface and add iron filings, the magnetic forces will produce a physical diagram, the iron filings making their own drawing of the invisible forces at work. I have looked at these forms before in the post on Faraday's lines of force, and the more I think around these illustrations of invisible forces, the more it seems to me that they have been central to our understanding of unknown forces for thousands of years. 

Aten, the sun god reaches out with his rays of light

From the rays of the Egyptian sun God Aten, literally reaching reaching out to the earth below, to the rendering of 'God Rays' in contemporary CAD software, the sense of a spiritual other can be made visual by linear effects. 

Maya tutorial: God Rays

Energy emanating from a centre

If the lines of energy are bent, as in gravitational pull, we can visualise energy and its relationship to mass. 

Henry Moore: Shelter drawing

Henry Moore uses this idea in his shelter drawings, the space lines, or rays, are bent as they reveal the mass below. This is I think I very powerful metaphor, as it takes the idea of lines of invisible energy or spirit and relates them to the solid physicality of 'reality'. As we all now know, 'reality' is a sort of illusion and the closer we get to it, the more it disappears and at certain magnifications atoms appear, then the elements that make up atoms and finally the energy fields that underpin everything come into some sort of mathematical appearance, something not actually seen but understood as being there. 




A few images from a sequence whereby inner and outer images of a body are entwined 

In my own drawings I'm looking for a way to connect or entangle both inner and outer body space, an awareness of what goes on inside my body and what goes on outside it, how it is perceived from outside and how it perceives. By thinking about line and then going on to think about other basic visual elements I can gradually build a language that in my mind begins to cope with the various elements of a fluid idea. For instance the dissolving of matter into water so that various solutions are formed is another, for myself, important metaphor for the constantly moving events that are life. As one element combines with another hybrids are formed and as they emerge they can become the building blocks for a private language concerned with visualising the nature of a fluid world, a world where there are no fixed boundaries and where identity is always in a state of flux and reality is never fixed. 

So finally what am I getting at? Bergson used the concept ‘élan vital’ to describe a force inside all living beings that motivated them to continue, what we might call 'the life force'. Bergson was suggesting that life itself was a creative process, something that Prigogine calls a self-organising dissipative structure, driven by non-equilibrium flows of energy. I.e. the active forming process is a self-organising one, one that reflects the possibilities in the organisational structures of life itself. For an animist, (animism perceives all things: animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, even words; as animated and alive) this ‘élan vital’ it could then be argued is something that runs through everything, not just living things and that all materials have the potential to be formed into others, they just need to be in interaction with whatever they find themselves in contact with. It is as if the entire universe is filled with elements of different sizes which shift around each other and as they do they effect each other and cause changes to occur, as these changes happen, hybrids, combinations and all sorts of alternative forms come into being, a constant process of metamorphosis, a process that is the élan vital’ that runs through everything. It is this situation that in my own work I would eventually hope to visualise; however it will only be through a synchronisation of myself with the voices of others, such as the materials I use, the landscapes I walk through, the plants I observe and the other animals I talk to, that I will be able to succeed.


Charm for a fluid reality

References:

Morrison, G (2012) Supergods: Our world in the age of the superhero London: Vintage

Sheldrake, R. (2004) The Sense Of Being Stared At: And Other Aspects of the Extended Mind London: Arrow

Stapp, H. P. (2011) Mindful Universe: Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer London: Springer Press 

Velmans, M. (2000) Understanding Consciousness London: Routledge

See also:

If you want to read a much more scientific description of how interaction works an excellent article is "Scientific Élan Vital: Entropy Deficit or Inhomogeneity as a Unified Concept of Driving Forces of Life in Hierarchical Biosphere Driven by Photosynthesis" by Naoki Sato.  

The key part of this text is for myself this diagram and the explanation below.

From photosynthesis via evolution to culture

Inhomogeneity, a Scientific Equivalent of Élan Vital: Naoki Sato
Bergson has put forward a concept ‘élan vital’ to describe biological force inherent in all living beings that drives all living processes including evolution. This key notion should, therefore, be understood to mean ‘driving force of life’ rather than ‘vital force’ or other words that reminds us of vitalism. Élan vital is sometimes misunderstood as an expression of vitalism, but it is based on numerous scientific results obtained until the beginning of the 20th century, although Bergson was a philosopher but not scientific researcher. Bergson was the first advocate who argued that evolution is a creative process, which was supported later by Monod. Various putative equivalents of élan vital were put forward by various physicists. Schrödinger presented negative entropy as a driving force of life, but there were various confusions regarding negative entropy. Brillouin correctly paraphrased negative entropy as a notion that we call entropy deficit or inhomogeneity in the present article. He also showed the equivalence of negative entropy to information. Prigogine was an eloquent proponent arguing that life is a kind of self-organizing dissipative structure, continuously driven by non-equilibrium flow of energy. The book of Nicolis and Prigogine described in detail their view of self-organization in metabolism, cellular differentiation, evolution and ecosystems with numerical simulations, but they did not consider the entropy of various biological processes. Kaufmann elaborated the concept of self-organization especially in evolution, and he considered that evolution, and therefore, life is not just a mechanism. 


Faraday's lines of force

The virus is looking at you

Diagrams: visualising the invisible

The diagram as art and spirit guide

Quantum entanglement 

Dashed and dotted lines

Hybridity and Permeability

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