Drawing as research methodology

Overlapping areas of drawing research

I have been using drawing as research for some time and the process has gradually moved from using drawing as a research method, whereby I gather information and test out its implications in terms of what it can communicate, to using drawing as a more comprehensive research methodology.

Drawing has become integrated into the conceptual framework of my research and if I look back on this journey, it is the writing I undertook for the book 'Collective and Collaborative drawing in Contemporary Practice' for Cambridge Scholars publishing, that allowed me to think through how I used drawing both as a research method and as a research methodology. 

In the chapter I wrote for Cambridge Scholars, 'Drawing as a tool for shaping community experience into collective allegory', I set out to show how five related but separate drawing methodologies could be examined with regard to their capacity to foster different types of visual understanding. Traditional objective drawing was looked at in relation to its ability to not only document what was seen but as a method of conversational engagement, as well as a way of getting people to look again at what was very familiar to them. Drawing as imaginative play and image generation, was explored in relation to how visual narratives could be told and personal ideas expressed. Architectural illustration and associated technical drawing skills were examined for their potential uses as envisioning tools and as instruments for the communication of concrete realities. Map making was opened out as a tool for enabling effective community ownership of both real and imagined events, and as a way of ensuring location and orientation were embedded into an understanding of environment and place. Finally I looked at how all these various approaches could be brought together within large scale narrative drawings, that were designed around bent perspectives. I have since then been thinking much more about the role of the diagram as a way to shape our thinking, and how perceptual recording of visual experiences can demonstrate a more phenomenological understanding of our place in the world. The more approaches to drawing taken, the more I believe an intuited and nuanced understanding of the various subject matters carried by drawing can be developed. For instance my interest in how drawing can be used to visualise interoceptual experiences, can be linked to both a formal understanding of how a drawing communicates and the concept of embodied energy flows, as well as how non European understandings of embodied health can be integrated into developing drawing as a way to foster wellbeing.

The initial focus is for myself always on the visual (the drawing), however, these blog posts in particular have also allowed me to consider the broader implications and contexts of my drawing processes.

Drawing is so rich in its approaches to carrying ideas that I often find that I'm sliding together or overlapping various methodological layers. For instance the use of the insert.

Richard McGuire: 'Here'

Richard McGuire inserts frames within frames, stretching the conventions of the graphic novel, in order to develop a rich layering of time. This convention can though also be used to suggest another possibility, or to show a detail, as it enables an image to contain further information that stands alone and yet is always also related to the main concept.  

Cosmic tableware

For instance when I was developing ideas for tablecloths and tableware, such as the image above of a ceramic moon cheese dish and accompanying bowls, with black hole and stars tablecloth, I could put several aspects of the idea together in one image, in such a way that it also referenced the Grattan catalogues out of which my mother used to use to sell stuff to the neighbourhood, back in the 1960s. I began by putting these different items into frames, but then dropped them. They are in fact invisible, but still there. This all seems pretty obvious, but it was only when I put my thoughts together in this way that people 'got it' and I could then see if they wanted to proceed with supporting the idea. 

A map carries very different information. But it doesn't always have to be like an ordinance survey map. 

Map of Chapeltown: Pen and Ink on Fabriano roll.

This map of my locality, Chapeltown, was drawn by myself in order to communicate issues about how the streets are used as well as to show how large open spaces are adjacent to the densely populated streets. Bent perspectives also allowed me to bring into focus certain psychologically important moments, thus helping the viewer become engaged in different levels of attention. 

Idea for furniture/game

The map was later used as an idea embedded into a table type object that had a variety of purposes including being a space on which I would put an old fish tank that would be used as a container for electroplating the objects that would be moved around on its surface. (Only by following the link at the bottom of this post will this make sense.)

You can see that as a researcher I do have a problem. Research is supposed to begin with a clear understanding of how the methodology will be used, I should be able to draw on relevant theories related to visual methods and show how they will aid myself and others in a deeper understanding of my specific research topic. I tend instead to find that the drawings emerge from a muddle of doing and thinking and material conversations, only beginning to frame themselves up as coherent constructs, about halfway through their gestation. The table/map/game above was not thought through beforehand, it just emerged and only later could I see that it brought together several different strands of my thinking and once about in the studio, it then becomes another thing that can suggest itself as a component within something else, in the case of the table type object, this idea wasn't even being thought about at the time the initial map drawing was being made.

I'm now working making drawings with patients that I meet and talk to in a local hospital. I'm aware that at some point there will be a need to analyse not just the visual content of the drawings made, but also a need to reflect on the processes of creation, the contributions made by participants and the potential meanings embedded within the artworks made and how these are understood by the participants. Although I shall attempt to draw these things out and present them as a type of data, I am very aware that part of the process of my image gestation relies on an approach that encourages serendipity as an essential tool.

Another aspect of research methodology is interpretation. I should consider the drawings within the larger context of the research, perhaps drawing on participant reflections on the process, as a way to begin an engagement with a more objective awareness of the relationship between the languages of drawing and how artwork is embedded within wider social practices.  I might highlight the sub-group pre-occupation of being an artist and the related vocabulary I use to describe my work to others, and how this may manifest itself in an unequal power relationship with participants. This could enable me to highlight the way that discourse (all the languages in use, visual, written and verbal) shapes an understanding of the situation, influences social relations but hopefully also contributes to change, all of which could be part of a critical discourse analysis of this drawing led project.

For example: could I consider how my drawings could be used as a way to explore social representations, considering how participants might use the drawings made to express their perspectives and how these representations might be used to communicate with others. However, it is sometimes hard to summon up the energy to do this, especially as I am actually doing these things with real people; to then add another layer which is to document it all happening and to reflect on it, requires another burst of energy that I'm not sure I have.

My research methodology should hopefully embrace all these different things and allow for a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the visualisation of interoception and how others use it to understand the world. It should also have a specific theoretical perspective, a lens through which to understand the stuff I'm doing, something to guide my research and provide a framework for interpretation. However, my mind is like a butterfly, flitting and dancing all over the place, one minute I'm acting like a shaman and the next like a neurologist. Hopefully my approach can reveal insights that might not be accessible through traditional research methodologies, but I might have to give up trying to think that I can validate the trustworthiness of my findings, by using the approach that I take. I am in reality looking at a form of poetry as research, an approach that has to accept a lack of scientific validation. The muddle of entanglements that my work emerges out of, is I feel a more realistic situation than the supposedly 'objective' frameworks that are used within 'normal' research, art not being science, but it can be part of a communication process that leads to participants greater self awareness and a heightened feeling of wellbeing.

My current work also uses related but separate drawing methodologies, each one fostering a different type of visual understanding. Traditional objective drawing is used to communicate certain aspects of the situation that people may find themselves in. Rough sketches can be made alongside written notes in a notebook and a more technical drawing produced using Illustrator software much later. 

Wheelchair rough sketch

Wheelchair drawn in Illustrator 

For instance I may draw someone's wheelchair, or the bed they are in, their crutches or the way they sit or stand. Sometimes this is used to establish a narrative framework out of which other stories may emerge. In one case the drawing of a wheelchair was gradually faded out in subsequent drawings because the participant did not want to be defined as a wheelchair user. Figurative drawing has an ability to not only document what was seen but it can also act as a method of conversational engagement. 

A notebook drawing made as a reminder that someone could only move one arm

Drawing as imaginative play and image generation, is used to find visual languages to express what is not visible. For instance the level and type of pain someone is experiencing, or the emotional feelings that accompany an awareness of the situation someone finds themselves in. 

From a series of drawings trying to define how someone feels about their pain

Illustration as a drawing method is used to develop images that represent important symbolic issues for participants, for instance someone who used to be a very fit runner, wanted to show how that aspect of their lives still resonated with their current view of themselves and the image of an 'inner runner' was drawn as they mentioned it. The initial sketch made during a conversation was then used as a stimulus for the later image that was drawn using watercolour washes alongside pen and ink drawing and then scanned into Photoshop and finalised as a digital print. 

Initial note of a past running history

Looking for the inner runner: Worked up drawing, composed within Photoshop

Fragments of conversational story can be collected together as visual notes, then used later to stimulate the construction of a more powerful image. 

Recording a story

Recomposing some of the fragments in watercolour

Architectural illustration and associated technical drawing skills have been used as wider envisioning tools, to enable the communication of for instance how the resultant images could be embedded into an architectural setting, or put together as an exhibition. Body mapping has ensured that location and orientation of pain is clearly expressed as to its location within the body. 

Locating pain in relation to sitting in a wheelchair for a long time

Diagrams have been used to gain an idea of how the issues being unearthed are effecting wider narratives and charts, graphs and scales are used for representing certain aspects of pain visually, when having conversations with patients. 

The interoceptual body embedded into the world

All these various approaches can be brought together within large scale narrative drawings, or drawings for animation, and in particular I have become more and more aware of how drawing can demonstrate a phenomenological understanding of experience. The materiality of some drawings often giving a first clue as to how the image will need to be developed, something that can only work if the possibilities are 'listened to' and intuitively grasped, a process that is often more of a muddle than a research tool.

A pain chart, designed to help visualisation

The pain chart above is drawing in its most data holding form and like the overlapping areas of drawing research diagram that opens this post, is a constantly being updated thing. Each and everyone of these approaches, can become a research methodology, but when first used the approach may simply be a method. The slipping and sliding between methods and methodologies is a sort of research game that should I know be taken seriously, but as a maker I also see that all drawings start with a method and gradually as you become more and more involved with what that method can do, it becomes a methodology, but perhaps more intuitive than rational. 

 

Animation landscape in development

See also:

Drawing as research

In praise of verbs

Electroplating as drawing

Whether or not to use theory

More theories about drawing

Shadow drawing

When we were children we all at one time or another tried out shadow drawing. I've reflected on several issues associated with this activity a few times already, but perhaps not quite got down to the essence as to why this way of drawing is so magical.

How to create shadow creatures

There is a wonderful moment when you put your hands together and begin making shapes in front of a direct light source, a moment when the shadow formed begins to look like the creature you had in your head. Hands become a bird flying or a dog's head or a rabbit, but at the same time, the shadow belongs to you. It is an extension of yourself that stretches out into the world, the shadow is both of you and something that you are trying to represent.
Some time ago I wrote and illustrated a short story, whereby a creature tried to cut away its shadow. It is a common story often about someone who tries to escape their dark side, or their subconscious selves, usually with disastrous consequences. Hans Christian Andersen's "The Shadow." and 'The Fisherman and His Soul' by Oscar Wilde are typical examples.

Reattaching a Shadow, Peter Pan, Disney Studios, 1953

I first came across the idea as a boy on going to see Peter Pan; Disney's animated film enchanted me and after rewatching after many years, it still does.

The shadow has always fascinated me as someone who draws, because it is mythically part of drawing's history, as well as giving us physical information, such as where light is coming from, shadows can be used to construct a psychological context. Whenever we see shadows we “read” them and their very ambiguity can add drama or existential weight to the situation.

Rembrandt: Self portrait

By casting most of his face in shadow, Rembrandt suggests that he possesses a deeply complex personality, one that is hard to read, but powerful in its very ambiguity.

William Collins "Rustic Civility"

William Collins' painting "Rustic Civility", portrays the landowner only by the shadow he casts, suggesting that land ownership, casts a shadow over all who live on lands that are owned by others.

The cast shadows of tall buildings

When walking in the street we are very aware of the shadows cast by tall buildings, and feel cold as the sun is blocked from our view. If something is large enough to cast its shadow over us we can feel dominated or dwarfed by the presence of something so much bigger than ourselves. Conversely Lin Yutang stated, "When small men begin to cast big shadows, it means that the sun is about to set"; an aphorism that seems very apt at the moment. In fact the dictionary definition of to cast a shadow over something is "to spoil a good situation with something unpleasant".

I pointed out earlier that shadows are interwoven with the mythic history of drawing itself. Image making according to Pliny, began with tracing an outline around a man’s shadow. This act was to lead eventually to the art of painting. He goes on to then describe how three dimensional modelling began and he states that modelling portraits from clay was first invented by Butades, a potter. Pliny states that Butades invented this new art so that his daughter could remember the face of her lover, who was about to set off on a long journey. He drew in outline on the wall next to him the shadow of his daughter's lover. Then he carefully pressed clay around the interior of this outline and made it into a relief.  The emotive nature of the situation is embedded in that first shadow drawing, the painful moment of a lover’s departure is located in an image that sits between love and loss. Eros and Thanatos, the life and death instincts, attached to the shadow from its very inception as an aid to drawing.   

Victor Stoichita in 'A Short History of the Shadow', points out the symbolic connection between “shadow, soul and a person’s double.” and goes on to state that ”this would indicate that the result of the collaboration between the potter and his daughter was the symbolic creation of a ‘living’ double, a surrogate figure difficult to understand without visualising the ritual actions we exert over it.” (The portrait was eventually taken to a temple and put on display there.)

Joseph-Benoît Suvée would make a painting of Pliny's thoughts about the invention of painting, this time though it is Butades' daughter tracing around the shadow of her loved one.

Joseph-Benoît Suvée, Butades or the Origin of Painting, 1791.

What this tracing around shadows is doing though is to create surrogates of real things and this creates a particular situation, whereby copies of reality start to become more substantial than reality itself. Butades' daughter's lover may be lost at sea, but his portrait could be seen for many years afterwards hanging in the temple. This situation is further complicated when we look at Plato's shadow metaphor. In his metaphor of the cave, he points out that we never actually see reality, only shadows of it. We are therefore forgetful of what reality is, and can confuse the real with the virtual, and in doing so we lead shadow lives of illusion. 

The image of how to create shadow creatures that I used to open this post, reminded me of how ancient and deep rooted is our relationship with other animals. Shamanic traditions include the harnessing of animal spirits as guides or messengers, and the shadow forms of animals, cast by humans are easily made by the light of a fire at night in a cave. Moving human shadows when seen alongside and cast over the top of some of the earliest painted images of animals, must have seemed as if they were interacting with those images, as well it seeming that forms were morphing from human to animal. I can still remember when I was a small child my grandfather making shadow creatures, and how magical the transformation of hands into animals seemed. I suspect there were artist shadow makers in neolithic times, who were very adept at casting the shadow forms of various animals and humans in iconic poses, onto the walls of caves. If only I could have been a fly on the wall and could watch, as they acted out ancient mythic scenarios in their shadow play.

As I weave these various threads together, it becomes clear that shadows are deeply significant and in their very insubstantiality in comparison to the things that they are cast from, they become like ghosts or spirits. Perhaps they gave to human beings their first way of visualising such things, after all, the dead can still cast a shadow and as the earth moves around the sun, that shadow will continue to move, even though the body will lie still. 

Sometimes shadows don't look like what casts them. The drawing above being a playful account of what was at one time a grudge match. 

Sometimes an image is itself meant to exist as a  shadow or ghost, the one below of my father mowing, was made in response to him dying of a stroke as he cut the lawn. He has always been able to cast a shadow in the form of a presence often felt in times of stress or difficulty, his critical gaze still falling on me as a long dark shadow, even as I type these words. 

Ghost mower

Shadows and related phenomena remind us of the uncanny and a world of 'the other', but being so 'everyday', they also remind us of the fact that these things are always with us. 

Reference:

Victor Stoichita (1997) A Short History of the Shadow London: Reaktion Books

See also:

Arvak  A short story

Shadows and the magic of transformation

Articulated collage and shadow play

Tone and emotional value

The vignette

Images as ghosts

The Join

I occasionally focus my attention on basic formal or material attributes that can become part and parcel of the physical structure of a drawing or any other artwork. Partly to emphasise the materiality of art and how its media specificity leads to material thinking and partly to show how any physical property can lead to a material metaphor. 

In our visual language, "joins" can refer to the way elements like lines, shapes, colours or textures are connected and interact to create meaning, but they can also be actual 'joins', lines along which one thing is joined to another. For instance the line of a weld, the line of a stitch or a hinge. These connections are both visual relationships between things that are brought together and symbolic relationships, representing ideas that emerge from the way we can think about how things can be connected with each other. 

Sometimes we use a specific material's property to join things together, such as the various glues and tapes that are available and there is a huge industry out there devoted exclusively to pursuing research in this area and at other times we try to join things without this third party and investigate the inherent properties of the materials we wish to join together to see what possibilities emerge. There is both a structural and philosophical difference between glueing two pieces of wood together and cutting and shaping two pieces of wood, so that they can be joined without any additional fixing. 

Japanese wood joinery

A combination of craftsmanship and a deep understanding of the material used leads to a particular mindset and philosophy that places great value on both awareness and respect for a material. There arises a calmness from the contemplation of a 'dance' of joining, that you can get as you follow in your mind the intricacies of Japanese wood joints. 

Japanese culture has a long history of philosophically considering the join. For instance the concept of Kintsugi, "joining with gold", that involves repairing broken ceramics with lacquer and highlighting the joins made with gold, a concept that validates and honours the idea of repair, as something that adds value. This is very different to the concept of built in obsolescence, that leads to a throwing away and replacement with new, of things that are regarded as broken. 

Joining two different materials together can be done in different ways and the appearance after joining can be very different. 

Adhesive Bonding uses a substance that undergoes a chemical or physical reaction to form intermolecular bonds between itself and the surfaces being joined. You need to ensure that the two surfaces meet each other firmly along a clean overlapping area and you may need to allow time for the chemical reaction to take place. In drawing the main use of adhesive bonding is in assembling collages, but as has been highlighted in past blog posts, various tapes, such as duct tape and masking tape, can be used to both make joins and draw out forms at the same time. Glues also have different properties, 'Mod Podge' for instance is often used by artists because of its different possible surface 'finishes'. If you want to look at an artist that uses adhesives creatively, Mark Bradford is an excellent person to follow, his collages join together all sorts of papers and found surfaces and he uses industrial materials similar to silicone-based sealants, which give flexibility to his surfaces as well as a type of painterly presence. The joining together of various elements taken from his environment has ensured that his work is socially grounded, even though at first sight the work may look as if it is an abstract image. 

Mark Bradford: The devil is beating his wife: Collage

Mechanical fastening can be an area that leads to all sorts of visual invention. For instance clamping methods can be used to join any two paper surfaces, and to do this you might end up drilling holes or creating bent wire or using rivets, staples or paper clips. The nature of mechanical fastening means that the materials often need a considerable overlap in order to be joined, and this overlap can be a visually exciting edge. 

A visual field of a particular quality can be evolved using any mechanical fastening

Stitched joins rolled up in ink and printed off as monoprints

Once a joint has been made using mechanical means it will be much more physically visual, therefore its visual properties can be further investigated, as in the case above, where stitched together papers were then used to make monoprinted surfaces. 

The joint made by a spiralling wire that forms the spine of a sketchbook

The most common physical and visual paper joint we see everyday in the studio is the spiral binding of sketchbooks. It feels like a backbone to me and when I'm making drawings of how back pain might feel, I will often show someone the sketchbook spine, to see if they too feel this way. 

Various paper fasteners

Every one of these fasteners if used as a form of repeated unit to make a joint, will produce a very particular visual line. A simple change in pin type for instance, such as a plastic headed as opposed to a steel headed one, changes the visual rhythm.

The line of pins develops a particular visual quality as fabric and thin paper are joined

We use the joins in clothing to tell interesting stories about the garments we wear and to highlight parts of the body that the clothes relate to. For instance, as a material nears an edge, when there is the need to 'finish' off or end a section of fabric, we often see a change in direction of the material's granular sub-structure. For instance a shirt cuff. 

Shirt cuff

In order to both stop the material fraying and to imply 'this visual movement stops here', the cuff is made with a change in the direction of the fabric, placing the stripes in this case at right angles to each other. Visually we feel there is a rightness, the direction of our gaze doesn't slip off the end of the sleeve and the hand is visually put on a plinth, or presented by the cuff. One piece of fabric is joined to another and this fact is highlighted by the change of stripe direction. The most startling use of this idea being of course the ruff, a formal element that presents the head and creates a visual full stop to the garments below it. 

Van Dyke: Man wearing a wheel ruff

Another way that joins are highlighted in garment manufacture, is by seam placement. By strategically placing seams, both structural form and aesthetic function are controlled by fashion designers. Buttons are another way of joining two surfaces together, and visually they slow the read down, providing a series of linked full stops.

Cloth edges, stitched and with buttons

When we see these joins in our clothing, we recognise their importance, the edging being vital to our perceptual understanding of the situation. Not long ago there was a fashion for having open seams that ran around the edges of knitted garments, therefore highlighting rather then hiding the structural form of the clothes. This felt as if the wearer was trying to say something about truthfulness and that they were not trying to hide anything. 

This visual recognition also operates when we look at a sheet of paper. The deckle signifies that there is an edge to the material and it also operates as a reminder of the paper's manufacturing process. 

Deckle edge

However we rarely develop the possibilities that the joint offers us, both physically and metaphorically. The term "line of join" might also be used in a more figurative sense, perhaps referring to a line of demarcation, a dividing line, or a point where two things come together. On a map the line along which two countries touch is usually seen as a dividing line or line of demarcation, but is it too much of a conceptual leap to think of that line as the place where people join together?

When I used to teach on the Foundation course at Leeds, one exercise we used to do was to divide a sheet of A1 paper into four equal parts and then to make one image that was made of four different visual languages, that butted against each other at the lines of division. For instance the first section might be drawn using a pointillist technique, the second expressive charcoal, the third flat colour and the fourth watercolour washes. The final images if done well, seemed to slip in and out of different time zones, the overall image gave them coherence, but the visual fractures that happened as languages changed, caused some sort of temporal confusion.  

Joining different visual languages

The bringing together of different visual languages to create an image that they can all be part of, can also be used to suggest that there might be something that underlies our differences and that beneath our first perception, something more fundamental is in place.  

One way this sort of join has been used to stimulate the imagination is in exquisite corpse drawings. 

Man Ray, André Breton, Yves Tanguy and Max Morise: Exquisite corpse

It's great to see several different minds united in one image, the joins linking the ideas together, as well as the line of join making sure each personality has its own space within which to operate. The formal change in direction we see when a cuff is made for a shirt, is now a conceptual change in direction as one artist's viewpoint butts up against another's. 

But these joins are also folds. 

A fold can be seen as a type of breaking into two parts, what was formally one pure, unblemished surface, such as when you fold a sheet of paper in half. But like the join, it too has many physical properties and metaphorical associations. The line of the join and the line of the fold are closely linked, but the one implies two different things being linked and the other implies one continuous surface being divided into two contiguous surfaces, so I will reserve thoughts about the fold for another post. 

The join and the fold are closely related to the split and the tear, issues I have dealt with in the past and that are integral threads to an unfolding of my thoughts around these things, so do if interested follow the links at the end of this post.

See also:

The split

The tear

Tapes

Edges

Paper

Knots

Stitched, dashed or dotted lines

Mark Bradford

A highway code for pain

In an earlier post 'Lines in the road' I stated, "The meanings that have been encoded into the directions for road users are meant to be easy to learn, and it might be interesting to think about how as an artist you could devise various keys for the symbolic use of lines that include emotional and cultural readings that go far beyond the everyday language of the Highway Code. It has taken me some time to get around to responding to the implications of my own thoughts, but I'm getting there.

I have been working in a spinal injuries unit of a local hospital and working with patients to explore how pain and its emotional associations can be visualised. Gradually I have been developing a pain chart that is becoming that emotional highway code I was thinking about back when I wrote that post about road markings. 

Existing pain scale

The present pain diagram that is the highway code for the medical profession is the one above.  

Highway code road markings

Pain and its perception is an interoceptual experience, one I would argue that is far more complex than the experience of driving that is associated with the system of road marking that we need to learn. When learning to drive we have to take both a theory and a practical test, often spending months of repeated activities, both on the road and sat in front of a screen or book, looking at and trying to memorise what all the different road signs are. In contrast when you have had an accident, often on the very roads, that you spent a long time learning to negotiate, you might be taken into hospital and be asked to use a pain chart to explain the level of your perception of pain. No wonder both patients and clinical staff find these charts of very little use. 

The beginnings of a new pain chart

I decided therefore to develop my own pain chart in response to what I was learning from patients as to how they felt we could visually symbolise their various feelings about their existing pain levels. The first issue was the fact that for most people pain is something that is a temporal experience, it is either continuous, episodic, getting worse or getting better. It is also something that has a certain quality, it can be sharp, throbbing, prickly, stabbing or a strange type of numbness. I can also be something that is static or something that moves, either focused on a particular spot in the body, or travelling along an arm or a leg. It is also something that can be at times the thing that takes over all the awareness that you have, being so painful that you can think of nothing else, but at other times it can become something in the background, always there but often forgotten. 

Pain chart: Stage two: After critique from patients

Pain is also something bound up with emotion. Sometimes pain can be exhilarating and can drive you on to exert yourself even more, or it can be emotionally debilitating and can drain all your enthusiasm for life away. Pain can feel like an annoyance, but that feeling may itself over time eventually lead to anger. Therefore several aspects of pain and its emotional landscape may be in evidence at the same time. It might feel as if it is a grinding pain, that is dull but also very warm. You might feel as if you have accepted this pain for some time and are pretty calm about it, or you may be becoming more and more alarmed about it. 

Pain is something that exists in the mind, for instance you may have pain in a phantom limb, but that pain will be as real as it would be in an actual limb. It is therefore a very complicated phenomenon, associated with how we build an awareness of our bodies but at the same time, not of our bodies, but entwined into our embodied mind. Engrained into my own body schema I have a story from my childhood that perhaps illustrates how these things work. Back in the early 1950s I used to stay with my grandparents for quite long periods of time, so I got to know them very well and was involved with their lives. They lived in a village that lay on the outskirts of the industrial west midlands, a place that has long since been incorporated into the expanding town of Dudley but which was then somewhere that felt quite rural in comparison to the town where my parents lived. When a young boy I had a terrible difficulty working out my left from my right and was constantly confused as to which was which, however I then had an experience that forever fixed the difference into my mind/body. I had developed a carbuncle in the crook of my arm, it was huge, or seemed to be so at the time and I couldn't bend my arm. My gran was very adept at making healing poultices and made one for me, surrounding my arm in a strange concoction that included bitumen and mustard, but which on removal after a few days had done its work. The pain was however now somehow fixed into my mind and ever since then, if I have to think of my left, I feel something in the crook of my left arm, not any more a pain, but a definite sensation, a feeling that singles that very area out as being different to the rest of my body and being forever associated with an idea of left-ness. This very small incident, is still engrained in my mind's idea of my body, an idea that is constructed over time of innumerable similar incidents, from stubbed toes to broken bones, from itchy legs to old wounds, from loving touches to received blows, which is why it is such an emotive body schema or map. The decision for instance to have a tonal scale that goes from dark/heavy to light was an attempt to respond to this, a wound for instance may leave a dark memory that weighs you down, but a recollection of the feeling of kiss may be a light thing, the memory of which buoys you up. I feel that this is still something that is very crude and raw but its for myself a gradual journey, one that is mainly driven by making drawings, but I still spend some time looking for other models that emerge from time to time from alternative fields of research, such as psychology.

I like a good diagram and have recently come across Russel's circumflex model of affect, that sets out the emotions around a circle in a similar way to a colour circle. Pain is also something that is nearly always linked to emotions, therefore Russel's diagram is another ingredient I will in future try to embed into the mix.

Reproduced from “Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect,” by L. Feldman Barrett and J.A. Russell, 1998, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), p. 970

Russell suggested that the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotional stimulus and the extent of its activation or amplification are independent, bipolar dimensions. Therefore happy and sad are seen as opposites in terms of the unpleasant/pleasant quality of feeling tone and calm and alert are put at the opposite ends of the activation dimension. A mixed emotion is often composed of feelings that relate to each other on the same side of the circle, such as happy and relaxed or happy and excited. These dimensions I am starting to think can be linked up with the emotional mapping of lines as researched by Hu, Lyu and Liu (2021), but that's something for another day, after I have had time to see how my own emotional lines map onto theirs.

References:

Feldman Barrett, L. and Russell, J.A. (1998) Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), p. 970 Available at: https://psu.pb.unizin.org/psych425/chapter/circumplex-models/

Hu, Y., Lyu, R. and Liu, X., 2021. Is the emotional mapping of lines caused by the motion they imply?. In Proceedings of the annual meeting of the cognitive science society (Vol. 43, No. 43). Available at: https://escholarship.org/content/qt3gp9g012/qt3gp9g012_noSplash_80573abf8f3e99f51d0e3784aff2d80f.pdf

Ural, D.G., Aceves Sepúlveda, G. and Riecke, B.E., 2025, July. Who Defines Embodiment? Cultural Bias in Interoceptive Wellness Technologies. In Companion Publication of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (pp. 363-368).Available at: https://dl.acm.org/doi/full/10.1145/3715668.3736349

See also:

Lines in the road

Seeing and feeling

Measuring emotions and colour

Is drawing a language?
Angles vision and sound

The emotional line